DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF NON-DIGITAL OR CONVENTIONAL MATERIALSThe teachers need instructional materials to enhance teaching and learning. Instructional materials are defined as print and non-print items that are rested to impact information to students in the educational process (Effiong & Igiri, 2015) Examples of instructional materials
Drawings, Kits, Textbooks, Posters, Magazines, Flip chart, Newspapers, Diorama, Pictures, Recording videos
Instructional materials are the supplementary materials, which help the teacher to make his/her presentation concrete, effective, interesting, meaningful and inspiring.Instructional materials play a vital role as they provide sensory experiences to the learners.
Instructional materials refer to any preexisting materials that are being incorporated, as well as to those that will be specifically developed for the objectives (Haigler, 2014).
There are also several factors to consider in developing instructional materials:
 1.   Develop a story board and working outline based on the subject goals and objectives.
2.   Identify existing institutional resources including materials and teachers’ capability.
3.   The teacher may research off the shelf materials that have been developed by others to determine if their approach could be useful.
4.   Explore the possibility of adapting concepts of other teachers without infringing on anyone’s copy protected design.
5.   Modify existing materials based on the objectives of the lesson.
6.   If the instructional materials are effective, you can share them with other teachers.
7.   The teacher developer can also sell her/his materials available.
 Instructional materials are a great help in stimulating and facilitating the learning of the learners. According to Wright (1976:1) as cited in Cakir (2006) many media and many styles of visual presentation are useful to the language learner.In the teaching and learning process, learners use their eyes as well as their ears; but their eyes are basic in learning.DIORAMA  Are small scenes created of layers of materials, all depicting a similar concept or theme.
 
NATURE TABLE
Is a table that contains objects and/or scenes related to the current season, or upcoming festival or a symbol of an ecosystem.
 WRITING BOARD
Can display information written with chalk (chalkboard or blackboard) or special pens (whiteboard).  
 FLIP CHART
It is a large tablet or pad of paper, usually on a tripod or stand.  
 ZIGZAG BOARD
It is a multi-board series of three or four rectangular boards. They are joined together along the sides by hinges so that they can be easily folded up and carried.  WALL DISPLAY
Is a collection of many different types of items and materials put up on a wall to make an interesting and informative display
 
 ROPE AND POLE DISPLAY BOARD
This board consist of two parallel, horizontal poles tied loosely together with rope. This kind of display board is invaluable where there are few solid walls for displaying information.  
Guidelines when designing conventional instructional materials.
 1.Unity – use only one idea for each visual aid and include a headline.
 2. Simplicity- make ideas and relationships simple and easy to recall.
 3. Legibility- make letters big and readable for all in the audience.
 4. Consistency- use the same type style and art style.
 5. Clarity- avoid type that is too small to read; avoid all caps.
 6. Quality- make it neat and professional, and remember to proofread.
REFLECTION:
As a future educator we need to bare in our mind the different ways of how to use the non-digital and conventional materials.it is necessary that we should use an appropriate materials for our learners or in accordance to the level of their learning and styles. it should also attainable wherein it can successfully attain the learning objective that we set although all of the non-digital and conventional materials are good and effective.but of course, we cannot deny the fact that the best and effective instructional materials is the teacher himself/herself.

APPLICATION
You can apply this non-digital materials that in the teaching and learning process.like 7-non digital materials which are diorama, writing board, nature table, flip chart, zigzag board,wall display, rope and pole display board it can help to us as a future teacher to have an effective and meaningful lesson through the help of this non-digital materials.and because of this the students can gain leanings and ideas through this non-digital materials.



TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATIVE TOOLS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD
 Instructional Materials is part of the educational technology that has a respective educational purposes. I
TECHNOLOGY AS  A COLLABORATIVE
v One way to engage students is to give them a challenge and a chance to work together.v
v Normally in a regular classroom, teachers may have discourage students from conversing with classmates during individual work, but sometimes there are positive things that can come out of it as students talk about the task assigned to them or as they work themselves of a complicated task.v
There are a lot of available tools and applications that can be used to work collaboratively with others. Some of these are Skype, wikis, blog, google form, web conferencing, Realtimeboard, among others.1. Skype -  is a software application allowing you to do a videoconferencing for free. All you need is to create an   account and can be used for a video meeting
2. Wiki- is a software that allows you to create a page or a selection    of pages designed to allow you to post or write, edit or   upload a link quickly.
       - this is good when students need to work together to   complete a task  even if they are not physically together.
       - a task such as writing a paper together, planning    presentation or surveying ideas from team members   can be managed by a wiki space that efficiently allows   one to document the contribution of each member in   the team.
       - work can be extended virtually and asynchronouslyBlogging- in blogging , it is journalist your ideas to which   others can react allowing a thread of discussion   to take place and which can be used online.
            
             - it is the abbreviation  of weblog
It would help if you provide direction when using a weblog.a.Use weblog with a clear instructional objective. It is an opportunity to explore the skill of communicating ideas. Like in a writing class, you can guide students on how to design the whole blog or upload materials and support students in developing critical  communication.●
b.Guidance on what and how to post will be needed. Teach the students that the blogging is for educational purposes and is different from a personal blog. Proper or formal language variety should be used. A writing prompt would help to guide your students’ posts.c. With easy access to information, a major obligation is to teach the students to use multiple source and to cite them appropriately.
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d. Writing about your ideas is a personal act but it is important that you are taught to make blogs personal without  revealing too much of personal information such as contact information and too personal pictures. When writing blogs, you write your reflections but safeguarding yourself is also an important consideration.
e. It may help if you can look for very good examples of blogs. 
There are online and print publications that review blogs and you can use the information to guide you toward getting good models.
4. Google group or Google Form – is an application that can    be used in a collaborative documentation of ideas   contributed by members of the team.
        Having a Google account will come very handy and you can easily  have access to a variety of applications.

REFLECTION:
Technology has a big impact in collaborative learning process  is being used to help students collaborate with other students. Students no longer need to learn in isolation. By using chat, discussion threads, and even hand-held computing devices, students can share what they learn with others. Students can share with other students anywhere whether it is within their own classroom or somewhere across the globe in another state or country.

APPLICATIONThese tools  may apply to help students today be more communicative, more collaborative and more cooperative than ever. Yet what seems like a straightforward series of software and hardware is actually a web of ever-developing collaborative tech products in dozens of forms, each offering its own unique platforms, capabilities and benefits.